Betrayal and Manipulation in the Accidental Billionaires Essay Example for Free

Betrayal and Manipulation in the Accidental Billionaires EssayIn the Accidental Billionaires, the composition of manipulation and perfidy is prevalent. control Zuckerburg is the prime embodiment of manipulation and betrayal throughout the course of the work. Another character also attributed with such qualities is Sean Parker. cross out and Sean atomic number 18 similar in this aspect manipulating their own world to achieve their goals. In the first few chapters of the book, the reader is introduced to the Winklevoss twins.The twins turn to Mark to aid them in their social networking idea, the HarvardConnection. After trusting Mark with their program, Mark begins to manipulate the idea into his own. In a very subtle modality, Mark delays the twins in cadence to sire his own program. This action reveals to the reader that Mark is a l ace wolf. Mark, told to us in the book, is not interested in money. For example, Microsoft had offered Mark between one and two million dolla rs to go to work for them-and amazingly, Mark had turned them down (Mezrich 15).This action should be noted as the aspect of working alone seems to be, to Mark, the most efficient way to achieve fame. Mark is highly influenced by Bill Gates, a man who rose out of the very same school Mark attends and manipulated his way throughout his pursuits of Microsoft, and in Marks point of view, individual. With his displeasing physique and social incompetence, it is easy to see why people underestimate Mark and are taken advantage of. Another character to note is Sean Parker.Sean Parker is a foil to the protagonist, Mark. Mark pairs up with Sean after he launches thefacebook. Sean has a history of manipulating his way through major companies with the agenda of getting rich only, quite the opposite of Mark. Sean is extremely energetic, whereas Mark seems to be lazy as represented by his inadequacy variety in his attire- flipflops, jeans, etc. Sean, however, was betrayed by those companies he used to work for, but, ironically, he pursues yet another company that betrays him in the end.Betrayal, through manipulation, is in the subtitle of the book, A tale of sex, money, genius, and betrayal. Betrayal is mentioned last in this climax because that is to show the most important motif and a symbol of the books overall structure- It goes from Eduardo and Mark seeking attention to get laid, then pursue money with genius innovation of modern social networking, and finally, Marks betrayal is concluded when he removes Eduardo and Sean from his life because they threatened his brainchild, Facebook.The motif of betrayal is very subtle to the reader. Even after reading the subtitle that Mezrich so blatantly states onward the beginning chapter, I was manipulated into completely forgetting about betrayal and instead was focused on the pursuit to fame. Even the title fools the reader in stating the plural body of billionaire, but only one billionaire is spawned at the conclusion of the book. Just as the twins, Eduardo, and Sean, Marks real agenda was cloaked to me, until it finally dawned in the apogee chapters.

Our Duties to the Environment Essay Example for Free

Our Duties to the purlieu EssayTechnology, unfortunately, has two-faces while it can aid the forgiving race in easing tasks, curing boundless diseases, and even lengthening life spans, it can also destroy the earth and its inhabitants. There is much good to be said about the development of the human race when it sleep withs to technology, but it cannot be denied that insofar as Mother Earth is concerned, there were countless of damages inflicted through the process of development.There is a motif to evaluate the costs and problems that will be met whenever new developments arise, as well as find means to finally minimize these problems. In order to come up with the information on how such problems may be minimized, there needs to be an analysis of the literature regarding such issues (Pojman and Vaughn 895). Despite the fact that different literature has been written about the problem, the human race cannot escape the fact that they might have not done enough to address su ch issues.Our Duties to the Environment shows that in order for such problems to be solved, there is a need for humans to acknowledge the fact that technology and development can cause as much harm as good to everyone. Work Cited Pojman, Louis, and Lewis Vaughn. Our Duties to the Environment. The Moral Life An Introductory Reader in Ethics and Literature. , Louis Pojman and Lewis Vaughn. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006. 893-895. Print.

Continuous Development Of Modern Media Technology Media Essay

Continuous Development Of Modern Media Technology Media EssayWith the invariable ontogeny of modern media technology, invariably updated means of communication and increasingly rich forms of communication, pack media almost always affects mess in all aspects of deportment-time. In current society, a variety of communication theory activities has exit indispensable in our lives. As an example, the radio program Mars on Earth reported in 1938, which led to huge panic in the United States adequately illustrated this point.TV, word of honorpapers, online tidings, and radio station and other discussionworthiness media access to information are now the most important source of information for people to understand the accessible. Media as an integral part of life, its coverage means often affects the publics mood, and the report of peoples point of view often leads the trend of public opinion. While the continuous spread of important information for the consultation, the medi a is as well as instilling the relevant concept to audience in a subtle way, in order to affects our attitude, and thus to or so extent, to change our view of the homo. Just as C. Wright Mills stated that Media not whole give us information, they guide our very sleep togethers.This paper will hold up a detailed analysis of the social function of the media, first introduced the media function in the information dissemination, and discusses the media as information channel for people to provide services. then this paper will analyze in which way the media influence peoples attitudes, behaviors and experiences.2.0 The social function of the mediaThe news media is part of the whole social system, which is responsible for reporting the development of the whole society and change, recording the process of the functioning of society bit by bit, with has social information dissemination, public opinion, social supervision and cultural hereditary pattern features. In all above, infor mation dissemination is the most basic function of the media, and it has been undertaking to pass true and accurate social information, as well as the task of passing the first-hand information to the audience.Through continually providing a large number of reports of the social events, media transfers flow of information about the surrounding environment, transportation, culture, news, financial market to the public, and also a variety of impending disaster has occurred or, threats and other information to meet their needs. (Bryant Oliver, 2009) In addition to the basic functions of information dissemination, media also has social supervision, breeding and guidance functions. This paper focuses on the social function of how media guides peoples behavior.3.0 Means by which media guide peoples experience3.1 Media decides the content and intensity of information dissemination by news selectionThere are many large and small event happen every day in the world, reporters choose what to report and what not to hire set the window limits for the citizenry audience, and the scope of the subject of discussion. (Deephouse, 2000) The media measures whether the incident should be reported and how they are reported by a certain news value, in which the fresh of news and timeliness are the key criteria.The fierce ratings competition between media makes the journalists must be ready to face tight time insistency they all hope to make exclusive reports and starting the news. (Lengel Trevino, 1987) When a hot topic in the head, the media will rush to observe stories, all television set, newspaper layout with large, a lot of time around the uniform topic, it is important to create the atmosphere. But soon, when the subject lost its news value, it will completely disappear in the media. The chase of timely news brings urgent pressure of time, so that media workers acquit difficulties to do in-depth coverage of events. The media led the public to focus a particular issu e, it will also lead us quickly forget the subject.3.2 To guide the public emotions by dint of distinguishable ways of media coveragePress report is easy to influence the publics detection of news events, and lead us to a particular point of view to understand the event. The news media report implied social customs, ethics, philosophy, personality temperament and other news elements of influence and control human emotions more and more apparent. (Scannell, 1992) For example, media report to specific geographical coverage and the spread of video content, due to re-process or phenomenon and not only focus on its nature, to live lives of such people would deepen the misunderstanding of people and things, the tendency of these people and events to be rendering, and thus have a contradict continue on the public not only will affect the groups feelings, but also affects the positioning.Medias role is to help us to transcend personal experience of life constraints, let us know what is happening in other corners. News reporting should be objective and fair. But each persons perception of the world derived from the individuals life experience, according to different backgrounds, social status, gender, ethnic group, different people present for the same facts, is bound to see a different face, resulting in different interpretations, no one can remove the view or values . Of course, media are no exception. The integration of these differences in the news puzzles emotional and cognitive impact of a factor to people.3.3 The development of new technologies creates more possibilities for the media influence on peopleTelevision reports which allow people to the text provided in the newspaper and pass provided by broadcast, itll also see a real vivid picture. TV news focuses on visual effects, even if not shooting pictures, television stations often use computer graphics showing the incident, manufacturing, and shot in the visual. These impressive images are easy to be trusted by people, so television has more social control force than other media.In addition, the way to receive information from television is mostly passive, television is relatively weak selective information, which more seriously confined the scope of access to information sources of the audience.In todays information society, media pluralism has been formed. In the press, radio, television and other media followed by a fourth media Internet. (Edwards, 1998) The quick development of new media provides more extensive information on the public. (Couldry Curran, 2003)3.4 advertizing leadS tendency of the media coverageAdvertising is the greatest sense aggressors of modern society and the strongest sum implants. As an advertising vehicle of the release of advertising, the tremendous impact on the news media brought by the advertising is inevitable. As we all know, at present, the news media advertising is still the most important publishing platform. News and advertising co-exist on one platform, to contradictions and problems inevitably arise. (Schewe, 2004)As social and economic development, the role of advertising is growing. It passes the information to advertise economic development in goods but also to both the media and advertisers to create huge economic interests. In the interests of the stimulation, the media coverage will inevitably have a certain bias.Media on corporate image, product performance, marketing activities and other information for publicity, this practice is called soft ads by some media, and is called hidden advertising by advertisers. For mediocre consumers, these practices are very deceptive in nature. This appears to news is actually a style advertising openly in the news section, so unknown to the audience and may mislead them to believe.4. How peoples experience be guided by media4.1 Reconstruction of social values through public opinionOpinion is the most disputed social life events have a certain tendency to published com ments, opinions and views. As a common psychological tendency of public opinion, it is hidden in the depths of peoples thinking, through the social assessment with value judgments, such as a specific values or behavior of the praise and admiration or review and condemnation, resulting in a social atmosphere, to have an impact on the values and behavior of the community Members.With members of the broad impact on society, public opinion has become an important means of cultural control, and the control system in modern society has an important position. Through the role of public opinion, on the one hand, the sens media will be the legislative branch and public administration institutions to develop, promulgate laws, decrees made public, called on people to adhere to the existing social norms, while the mass media to spread the people values, beliefs and life behavior in order to guide public choice to establish a correct outlook on life and behavior on the other hand, public opini on and mass media will call through the network, television, radio, newspapers and other channels back to the social ruling, prompting the legislative body and public regulatory bodies to consider the public demand, the existing legal and institutional system to adjust and improve, and continuously improve its administrative capacity to maintain social stability and social order.Thus, there is the formation of mainstream social values, although it is not mandatory like the law, it generally widespread impact on peoples thinking and behavior as an invisible constraint.4.2 To change the publics lifestyle and spending habitsMass media treats guide as a starting point, using its powerful propaganda to make people happy in leisure reading among accepted the new consumption patterns and lifestyles, (Morris Ogan, 1996) which gave birth to consumer culture. The shopping information published in the Newspaper also makes people change their attitudes in consumer. Which stores have recently engaged in activities, what brand, price number, price information, etc. Which pharmacies, we reported on the exchange received from these messages, and compare, go consumption. Difference with the elderly is that, early people read newspapers are concerned about the strong style of entertainment news and employment information. Some people also go through the information reported on the drivers, waiters, security and other jobs. From that point on, the mass media, consumer culture and consumption in the formation of lifestyle play a crew role.4.3 News reports of crime and violence have a tremendous impact on peopleWith the development of society, media attention on political related events has gone(p) from a single broadened to a variety of criminal phenomena, showing a trend of diversification. With the strengthening of public opinion functions, the number of news reports of crime and fish has been significantly improved, which strongly shocked criminals, and demonstrate the p ower of the rule of law. (Thoman, 2010)Media is keen to report crime and the main reason is that crime news concerns the audience slow and access to them more attractive. Crime news reports often have twists and turns of the plot, as well as the color of violence, it has more stimulating and entertaining elements than the other news stories. The authenticity of news reports also makes it depicts the victims of crime, especially violent crime, to bring serious consequences, more than the literary fiction film and television has more power to shock. drive by the economic interests, news reports of crime is inevitably some distortion of the real social phenomenon excessive rendering of malignant cases, highlighting the cruel circumstances, the apocalypse of personal privacy and other related personnel cases.Violation of implied theory believes that exposure to aggressive stimuli may increase a persons motivation level of physiological and emotional. In other words, the content of n ews violence can increase aggressive behavior stimulation occur. In some cases, aggressive characters in the news will give them a role model. Which can be seen, the mass media violence and the proliferation of pornography are often imperceptible to the audiences behavior and way of life tend to have a negative impact on these effects if left unchecked, it is possible to induce the production of deviant behavior.Elizabeth (2010) said that, Many tap media for the rise in violence, but of course thats not the whole story Some of the details of this connection might be questioned But the fact that a connection exists is hard to dispute. Which leads us to an inescapable conclusion Something must be done. The media should adopt accurate news reports of crime, so the audience can keep au courant of the latest social facts of the crime, ease because it caused an unknown number of tension, suspicion, rumors and other negative emotions have to create a good environment for punishing evil a nd pass on good.5. SummarySince the 20th century, mass media has had a profound impact on peoples lives. The newspapers, books, radio, television, communications satellites and the Internet all represented the modern media space, which makes the whole world a small village. In the aspect of time, the whole community culture and communication network system stay in the same structure, which enables human to enjoy the same important information at the same time, so that all ethnic and cultural exchanges and interaction between real world.The news media with modern sense has become the dominant mode of institution of a culture in modern society the news media culture. Media culture on the psychological characteristics, behavioral structure, attitudes toward other aspects have had a significant effect on the contemporary human life form, content and even ways of thinking have changed dramatically along.With the in-depth of news media era, mass media plays in contemporary society, not only to transmit information, provide entertainment and other social functions, but also changing peoples values and way of life, shape the social and public life. It continually to provide a series of community-oriented public values and colors to create a highly popular media discourse system, the media text is also increasingly becoming an important form of the modern spirit of the consumer.As a result, the news media become a pervasive cultural existence for its coverage of the large community and huge influence on people in modern society. The news media refers to mass media culture as a crew cut to the media of expression is the basic characteristic of modern society, a cultural phenomenon unique.Either as channels for the dissemination of information, or acts to guide the public, news media should be to the full aware of their responsibility, (Curran Seaton, 2003) and try to make it fair and make contribute to sound development for the community. (2109 words)

What Is Green Diesel Environmental Sciences Essay

What Is atomic number 19ish Diesel Environmental Sciences EssayGreen Diesel, often called renewable diesel engine motor engine engine engine or second generation diesel, refers to petrodiesel-like elicits derived from biological sources fuels derived from biological resources (bio-resources) that atomic number 18 chemical substancely non esters and thus distinct from biodiesel. The light- commonalty diesel is chemically comparable as petrodiesel besides it is made from bio-resources. Bio-resources refers to the living things ( nominates, animals, and others aspects of nature). It is important to society for the motley services they provide, as well as problems they may create. Biological resources atomic number 18 grouped into those that affect agriculture, much(prenominal) as cultivated set ups, pollinators, and pests those that are sources of scientific inputs, much(prenominal) as agricultural plant varieties that provide genetic resources and those that provi de natural goods and services, such as wildlife, fish, and beautiful beauty. Traditional measures of agricultural productivity do not capture all the benefits of preserving biological resources on private lands. Beca accustom of this, private landowners may not have decent incentives to consider the full range of goods and services produced by the biological resources under their control. Since green diesel is produced by bio-resources, thus it is the eco-friendly and sustainable sources of fuel for vehicles.Green diesel blends follow the corresponding nomenclature as biodiesel. Green diesel in its pure form is designated R100 opus a blend comprised of 20% green diesel and 80% petrodiesel is called R20. Beca put on green diesel is chemically the same as petrodiesel, it potbelly be mixed with petrodiesel in any proportion further users may pauperisation to add an additive to address lubricity final result associated with compounds with no oxygen. The faceistic of green die sel compared with other fuel are shown belowBiodieselDieselOxygen, %0110Specific gravity0.780.880.84Sulphur, ppmHeating care for, C443843Cloud point, C-20 to 20-5 to 15-5Cetane70-9050-6540 get across 1.1(1) Characteristics of Green Diesel compared with other fuel.Green diesel flock be made from the same feedstock as biodiesel since both are required the tricylglycerol containing material from bio-resources. human body 1.1(1) abbreviated Renewable evoke Creation mental assist PathwayHowever the terms green diesels have been further distinguished based on the touch regularity to create the fuel. The primary differences betwixt green diesel and biodiesel are the technologies utilise to make the fuel and the molecules that are ultimately produced. Whereas, biodiesel is made using a chemical answer called transesterfication. There are three different goes for creating green diesel, hydrotreating, thermal depolymerisztion, and biomass-to-liquid (BTL). Green diesel blends fo llow the same nomenclature as biodiesel. Green diesel in its pure form is designated R100 while a blend comprised of 20% green diesel and 80% petrodiesel is called R20. Because green diesel is chemically the same as petrodiesel, it rump be mixed with petrodiesel in any proportion still users may need to add an additive to address lubricity issue associated with compounds with no oxygen. The differences between green diesel and biodiesel are shown belowGreen DieselBiodieselPure hydro ascorbic acidOxygenated hydrocarbonProduction processHydrotreatingThermal depolymerisationBiomass-to liquid (BTL)Production processTranesterficationChemically same with petrodieselChemically different than petrodiesel.Table 1.1(2) Comparison of Green Diesel and Bio-dieselThe hydrotreating process is a process utilized by vegetable oil colour refineries today to re bring contaminants such as sulphur, nitrogen, condensed ring aromatics, or metals.1.1.2 Importance of Green Diesel from Malaysia Chemical Industry Point of ViewDiesel oil has good commercial value as it serve many purposes. It has many functions as belowTo move the heavy road vehicles such as buses, lorries and trucks.To move motors and carsFor overland shippingTo move military vehicles, such as tanksCan be used in the water transportation as an alternative talent sources to move engines such as in the ships, boats and yachtAs electricity arseup energy sourcesPower generationConstruction and farming equipmentRemoval of tar from bitumen burnsThey derived the diesel from uncivil oil, which is called petrodiesel. With sharply rising use of non-renewable feedstock (crude oil) to derive diesel has a signifi sewert impact on the tabooturn of biofuels based on the conventional method. A communicate future shortage of crude oil coupled with the growing worldwide demand for transportation fuels has raised the interest in the green diesel, which chemically has the same properties as the petrodiesel but with better cetane number, which mean reduce the emission of CO2 and NOx, emission, and thus brings signifi jackpott improvement on greenhouse effect, global warming and pollutions.Figure 1.1(2)Current and Future Trend of Production for PetroleumFor recent studies and teaching of technologies show that the production of green diesel can be competitive or cost less than petroleum fuels yield more oil per hectare of land sequester CO2 from the flue splosheous statees emitted from fogey fuel power plants or other resources able to similar or even outstanding performance than petroleum fuels improvement of cold flow properties so that it cause least(prenominal) problem to use during winter. The advantages of green diesel compared with others type of diesel can be summarised as belowGreen diesel does appear to have many advantages over the other bio-based diesels. Some of these potential advantages are summarized belowThe process utilizes existing refining trading operations thereby eliminating the n eed for the immense capital investment required in the United States to produce a significant amount of biodiesel capable of truly displacing significant amounts of petroleum diesel.The fuel is produced by refineries with a long track figure of safely producing high grade products thereby eliminating the uncertainty of a fuel produced by a large number of in subject producers with limited experience in fuels production.The producers can utilize existing transportation and storage capacity (pipelines, tankage, trucks, etc.) thus eliminating the need for establishing a separate system. It should be noted that out-of-pocket to the detergent character of biodiesel, it cannot be transported or stored in existing petroleum facilities.This industry places production of a fuel in the hands of companies with significant experience with the marketing and distribution of fuel products.The process utilizes a high portion of the lipids, such as the glycerin conversion to propane.Currently gre en diesel appears to have similar processing cost as biodiesel.The resulting fuel appears to have more stable fluid and burn properties at low temperaturesMalaysia also has her own biofuel policy. The government has announced the penetration of a National Biofuel Policy on 10 August 2005. The policy is primarily aimed at reducing the countrys fuel import bill, promoting further the demand for thread oil which de character be the primary commodity for biofuel production (alongside regular diesel). One of the four strategies in Malaysias National Biofuel Policy is to encourage the use of biofuel among the public, which go out involve giving out incentives for oil retail companies to provide biodiesel pumps at stations 6. From this policy, we can conclude that our country started to pay attention to biofuels.However, with the green diesel stands out to be having more advantages than bio-diesel, the account of green diesel in Malaysia would be off the bright one. With all the bio-r esources readily available as feedstock in the production of green diesel, definitely green diesel will be one of the most potential alternative energies utilized in the land of Malaysia.1.1.3 The worldly concern Green Diesel Production PlantsGreen diesel is a new breed of fats-and-oils based renewable diesel is now increasing its presence in the global biofuels market as major players stared up new production facilities this year. Efforts are being made all over the world to replace fossil fuel. We are belatedly realized that non-renewable energy is causing us serious problems and that is the main cause to develop more alternative energy resources. Green diesel can be produced either by hydrotreating process, BTL reaction or thermal depolymerization processes. Its chemical properties are identical to petroleum diesel as compared with bio-diesel.The demand of green diesel is so much interesting but also challenging. In Malaysia, the usage of green diesel is not much significant. Bu t, recently, there is new renewable energy pilot lamp plant being launched by Saham Utama Sdn. Bhd. in Sungai Batu Pahat near Kangar, Perlis. The diesel is made from solid blow out pliable. This can reduce the amount of plastic wastes, thereby helping to combat the effect of global warming. They have claimed that the added features would be installed to transform plastic bottles into diesel fuel. The goal is to convert any domestic waste including organic waste and liquid into commercial fuels. The engineering method used could be thermal depolymerization which similar to cracking of crude oil.In Asia, the most hot country which recently alert about these efforts is Singapore. In November 2010, Finland-based Neste Oil started the world largest renewable diesel plant in Singapore, with a total capacity of 725 760 tonnes per year. The diesel produced is known as NExBTL, a premium- timbre product with complex production technology and also more expensive than bio-diesel. It is prod uced by hydrotreating of the feedstock. The byproducts of the process are bio-gasoline, biogas and water. The feedstock being used is palm oil. However, Neste Oils NExBTL can also use rapeseed oil and waste animal fat from food industry. This make the technology becomes more flexible due to accessibility of feedstocks in the future. Neste Oil also has an intensive research on new materials for future needs.In Europe, the renewable diesel is experiencing oversupply and Neste Oil exacerbate their plant at Rotterdam in 2011. The renewable plants also could be exacerbated rising fats and oil prices because of the feedstock demand including in US. Researchers claimed that the global renewable diesel capacity totals about 665 jillion gallon per year today and this will grow up to 2.5 billion gallon per year in 2015, a 33% annual growth.Below is the abbreviation list of companies that produce green diesel (worldwide)TechnologyFeedstockProductCommercial EntityCommercial StatusOutstanding Commercial IssuesHydrotreatingAnimal fats or vegetable oils co-processed with petroleum dieselHydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D975Conoco Philips/ TysonIreland refinery producing since Dec. 2006.US announced production of 175 million gals/year judge by 2009EPA registrationperniciousness and biodegradabilityHydrocarbon mixture- meets national fuel quality standards in AustraliaBPAustralian refinery producing 5% renewable blendAnimal fats/ vegetable oilsHydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D975Neste oilFirst plant in Finland with capacity of 58 million gals/yearThe largest plant available in Singapore with production of 0.8 million tons/yearAlso located in US and NetherlandsEPA registrationToxicity and biodegradabilityMarketplace useHydrocarbon mixturePetrobras (Brazil,H-Bio Technology)Begin at several refineries since end of 2007Animal fatsHydrocarbon mixtureDynamic fuels (Syntroleum/Tyson)Commercial pilot started I n 2008Production start in 2010Standard maturementEPA registrationEconom icsLife-cycle analysisToxicity and biodegradabilityVegetable oilsUOP TechnologyPlant constructed in 2009Production of 95 million gals/yearBiomass-to-Liquid (BTL) via gasification or Fischer-TrophsBiomassHydrocarbon mixtureJV with Choren/ Daimler-Chrysler/VWPilot plant opened in 2007Production 0f 4.7 million gals/yearStandard developmentEPA registrationEconomicsLife-cycle analysisToxicity and biodegradabilityNeste Oil/ Stora EnsoPre-commercializationSyntroleumPyrolysis-Rapid Thermal ProcessingBiomass, municipal and industrial wasteHydrocarbon mixtureIn research stageIn research stageStandard developmentEPA registrationEconomicsLife-cycle analysisToxicity and biodegradabilitySlaughterhouse waste (animal waste), carbon containing wasteHydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D396, can be refined to ASTM D975Changing World TechnologiesCommercial pilot plant in MissouriProduction of 250 000 gals/moles of slaughterhouse wasteMarketplace useTable 1.1(3) Summary list of companies in worldwide that p roduce green diesel1.1.4 Emerging Energy Demands for adjacent 10 yearsMalaysia is currently in the midst of fast development. One significant sign of rapid development is the increasing trending of energy demands in the future. not only in Malaysia, the global energy landscape is changing tremendously, but most of it is showing an upward trend. ball-shaped energy demands will be about 30 percent higher in 2040 compared to 2010, as economic output more than doubles and prosperity expands across a world whose population will grow by more than 25 percent, fulfiling to nearly 9 billion people. 1 Global demand for the least carbon-intensive fuels natural gas, nuclear and renewables will rise at a faster-than-average rate.CUsersDellDesktopDesignfuture trendCapture8.PNGFigure 1.1(3)Global energy demand increases by one-third from 2010 to 2035, with China and India business relationship for 50 percent of the growth in the New Policies Scenario 2In the above graph, the main growth of energy demands more significant in China and Asia due to the increasing population and fast-paced development of the countries. Malaysia falls under the category of Other developing Asia. Similarly it also shows an incline trend due to the rapid development of industrial and economic activities in Malaysia.In consecrate to cope with the high rising of energy, various energy policies and plan were carried out by the government. Go Green is one of the most popular concept practice in the world wide, and the term renewable and sustainable is now related to oil and gas by having renewable diesel (green diesel). Many countries in the world often started on the production of green diesel using various types of technologies such as hydro-treating or thermal depolymerisation.CUsersDellDesktopCapture.PNGFigure 1.1(4) United State production of petroleum and other liquids by source, 2010-2035 (millions barrels per day) 3By referring to the graph above, the total production of petroleum and other liquids grows rapidly, from 9.7 million barrels per day in 2010 to 12.1 million barrels per day in 2020. Focusing on renewable sources, prediction shows that the biofuel productions grows by 0.8 million barrels per day from 2010 to 2035 as a result of the EISA2007 RFS (Renewable Fuel Standard Program), with ethanol and biodiesel accounting for 0.7 and 0.1 billion barrels per day, respectively, of the increase in the quotation case. 3 In addition, incline trending of next-generation xTL production (including both biomass-to-liquids and CTL) contributes greatly to the growth in total production of petroleum and other liquids in U.S., especially significant after the year 2020. The significant growth of BTL reflects a good potential in the future market, and yet it is a convincing and promising source of renewable diesel.Not only on the growing capacity of green diesel production giving hopes to mankind, the continuous researches done by scientists also bring upon the increasing quality of green diesel. Before that, economic crisis and technological hurdles delay the start of numerous researches and projects on advanced biofuels, especially on cellulosic biofuel projects. However in the futures, it is expected that, EPA (Environment Protection Agency) will year-to-year evaluate the status of biofuel capacity and also revise on the production mandates for the following year. By the continuous efforts from researchers, it is foresee that BTL will reach the EISA2007 Renewable Fuel Standard after 2030. This providing a better quality or standard of green diesel produced.CUsersDellDesktopCapture2.PNGFigure 1.1(5) EISA2007 Renewable Fuel Standard credits earned in selected years, 2010-2035 (billion credits) 3However in Malaysia, a sad scenario is that the production of green diesel still in an infant stage. Researches and developments in experimental scales had been carried out so far, but still the production in large industrial scale is still underdeveloped. B y taking reference of the forecast on oil and gas field in U.S., rough estimation on the future hope of green diesel production in Malaysia for the next 10 years can be done. The potential of green diesel in the future 10 years of view in Malaysia is consider as a bright one, and to be believed that it will slowly increasing in demands over the next 10 years. Green diesel production in Malaysia is what we are looking for in the future. Scientists and fuel specialists optimistically believe that green or renewable diesel will be one of the future trends in oil and gas production, not only in Malaysia but also in the nationwide.1.2 PROCESS ALTERNATIVEGreen diesel is being highly looked up to as one of the great hope, with its similar chemical properties similar to diesel. New ways and technologies for improvement in green diesel production are improved as time go by. Of these, three processes of green diesel production will be suggested and discussed from different aspects.1.2.1 Produ ction of green diesel via biomass to liquid technology and Fisher-Tropsch ProcessOne of the alternative processes is to produce green diesel is by using Fischer-Tropsch process. It is basically a patent to produce liquid hydrocarbons from mixture of syngas, carbon monoxide gas and enthalpy using metal and cobalt catalysts. The liquid hydrocarbon mentioned here is referred to the paraffin. Normally right before the Fischer-Tropsch process is a series of gasification process of feedstock, to convert the biomass into the biogas that can be utilized to become liquid hydrocarbons, the green diesel.Let us take a look at the gasification of biomass to syngas. The biomass may undergo low temperature gasification (800 k C) to produce product gas which later on converted to bio-syngas through reforming and tar cracking steps. On the other hand, the product gas (CO, H2, CH4, CxHy) may be used to generate electricity. When the organic material inside the biomass burned, it may undergo complet e combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water, or it may undergo partial combustion to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. What we need for the feeds of the Fischer-Tropsch process is the carbon monoxide and hydrogen and it can be achieved by control the amount of oxygen during combustion process (gasification). some(prenominal) reactions are used to control the H2/CO ratio. Most important one is water gas shift reactions, in which the water is reacted with carbon monoxide to produce sources of hydrogen that needed in the Fischer-Tropsch process. The chemical reaction of the Fischer-Tropsch process is shown as belowhttp//www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/presentations/acs2001_chicago/slide03.gifFigure 1.2(1) Fischer-Tropsch Process 1For the Fischer-Tropsch reply, it is normally operated with temperature range of 150 300C. Higher temperature will have high rate of conversion but also lead to the production of methane. Thus, the temperature is always maintained at low to midd le temperature in state to remain yield of the green diesel. On the other hand, the pressure of the process is ranging from one to several tens atmospheric pressure. Higher pressure will help the reaction faster but also required more costs of operations such as high pressure equipment. We also need to know that to a fault high pressure also can cause the metal or cobalt catalysts that used in the reaction to deactivate due to coke formation. A variety of catalysts can be used for the process such as iron, ruthenium and cobalt, depending on the aims of the operations.Figure 1.2(2) A simple concept on Fischer-Tropsch ReactionGreen Chemistry and SustainabilityIn term of green chemistry, the use of renewable feedstock such as biomass is a sustainable way to overcome the depletion of crude oil. Biomass can be easily obtained from animal fats, agricultural wastes, soybean, woods, etc. The green diesel produced is ultralow sulfur content and the properties of the green diesel produced i s very chemically similar with petrodiesel but better than it. The emission of the hazardous pollutant such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide is also 60-70% lesser.Besides that, the product off-gas produced from the process can be used in both ways1) addition recovery process to recover the chemicals from the byproducts and export them to other company, or 2) generate electricity which is sufficient to supply for some operations in within the plants.Environmental ImpactFischer-Tropsch process basically produces ultra clean green diesel which help in reduce the environmental issue such as global warming, greenhouse effect by reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. It seems to be a great potential of alternatives to the non-renewable energy resources, the crude oil.The side products here are actually light products and also heavy products like waxes which also have high market demand and can be exported out along with the green diesel.Flexibility of OperationThe p roduction line is actually not only produce green diesel but also heavy products like waxes and also gasoline. By adjusting the operation condition, we may adjust the need to favor the production of desired productsThere are two favored reactor types which can be chosen depends on the operator Multitubular fixed bed reactor with internal cooling and also slurry bubble mainstay reactor with internal cooling tubes.The process not only limited to the oil as feedstock but also may use the renewable feedstock such as biomass and animal fats.Energy ConsumptionThe energy consumption of this technology is mostly depends on the gasification process whereby it consumed 60-70% of the energy of the whole plant.For high temperature rule (HTFT), the run temperature is between 300 and 350C while operating pressure can be ranging from one to several tens of atmospheric pressure.On the other hand, for low temperature mode (LTFT), the operating temperature is between 200 and 240 C with operating p ressure of 1 to 10atm.AdvantagesNo nitrogenous, sulfur compounds formed during the reactionHigh cetane number can be obtained (75 90% higher than that required for petrochemical derived diesel fuel)Carbon neutral processProducts off-gas can be used to generate electricity which enough for the operation of the plant.DisadvantagesFT process is very complex in its reaction mechanism and several studies need to be carry out to maximize the productivity of green diesel from the processLarge number of species involved in the reaction and extra care is needed in the plant designThe present catalyst is not good enough to maximize the yield of the green dieselExtra process needed to convert the waxes formed from the FT process into green diesel (which mean extra cost)The cost of green diesel produced from the process may be more expensive than the diesel produced from the crude oilTable 1.2 (1) Key Components of Fischer-Tropsch Reaction1.2.2 Production of green diesel via Thermal Depolymeri sation ProcessThermal depolymerisation (TDP) is an industrial process that able to break down and convert various type of biomass or other carbon-containing material into a bio-oil product that is then refined into a petrodiesel-like fuel. Thermal depolymerisation involves a depolymerisation process using hydrous pyrolysis for the reducing of complex organic materials (usually waste products of various sorts, often biomass and plastic) into light crude oil. The process is found to be similar to the natural geological processes thought to be involved in the production of fossil fuels. Long chain polymers of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon decompose into short-chain petroleum hydrocarbons with a maximum length of around 18 carbons under the application of heat and pressure. 1 The list of TDP suitable feedstocks are extensive and flexible, including waste plastic, tires, wood pulp, medical waste, and rather unsavoury byproducts such as turkey offal and gutter sludge.Changing World Techno logies (CWT) are currently utilizing this method to process slaughterhouse waste and other carbon containing solid waste to create a fuel that can meet the standards of both ASTM D396 and ASTM D975. 2cusersdelldesktopdesigntdtcp.gifFigure 1.2(3) Thermal depolymerisation process to produce renewable diesel.In the method used by CWT, the water improves the hotness process and contributes hydrogen to the reactions. The feedstock material is first break down into small chunks, and mixed with water (if it is dry). Then it is fed into a pressure vessel reaction chamber, heated to around 250 C at constant volume (similar principal to a pressure cooker). Steam naturally raises the pressure to 4 MPa (near the point of utter(a) water) and is held for approximately 15 minutes to heat the mixture completely. After this, the pressure is rapidly released to flash off most of the water content in the feedstock, resulting a mixture of crude hydrocarbons and solid minerals. The minerals are later removed, and the hydrocarbons are channel to a second-stage reactor to heat up to 500 C in order to further breaking down the longer hydrocarbon chains. The hydrocarbons are then sorted by fractional distillation, in a process similar to conventional oil refining.CWT claims that 15 to 20% of feedstock energy is used to provide energy for the plant. The remaining energy is available in the converted product. Working with turkey offal as the feedstock, the process proved to have yield efficiencies of approximately 85% in other words, the energy contained in the end products of the process is 85% of the energy contained in the inputs to the process (most notably the energy content of the feedstock, but also including electricity for pumps and natural gas or woodgas for heating).The process breaks down almost all materials that are fed into it. TDP even efficiently breaks down many types of hazardous materials, such as poisons and difficult-to-destroy biological agents such as prions. T he light hydrocarbons that are produced by TDP can be used fuel sources, filters and fertilizers. It can be used a s a substitute for coal and also in quelling the dread rise of carbon dioxide concentration in the air. CO2 is one of the chief greenhouse gases that are responsible for global warming.Green Chemistry and SustainabilityThe best part of using thermal depolymerisation (TDP) is that, it can break down substances such as plastic which takes long time to decompose. By using TDP, renewable diesel can be produce from plastic, not only save up waste to be buried, but also getting useful green diesel out of unwanted waste.Methane in the feedstock is recovered and burned to heat the water, or burned in a combined heat and power plant to sell back electricity to the power gridEnvironmental ImpactEmission of foul odors and unpleasant smell to the surrounding area of operating factory, causing nausea and disquieting feeling to resident nearbyFlexibility of OperationExtensive and f lexible choice of feedstocks (waste plastic, tires, wood pulp, medical waste, and unsavory byproducts such as turkey offal and sewer sludge)Energy ConsumptionRequire high energy consumption. High energy input requirements to produce green diesel made it not favorable among industry. safe Factor and Waste ManagementMethane gas produce can be treated by burning to heat up water to produce electricity.The process not only cleans up wastes but also generate new sources of energy.AdvantagesAble to break down strong chemical bonds of organic poison, making wide benefits to ecosystem balance.Safely deal on heavy metals by converting them into stable oxides of their original ionized forms.Recycling the energy content of organic products while retaining the water content. (avoid drying while producing liquid fuel that separates from water in thermal depolymerisation, energy saving).The vast bulk of waste content can be utilized to produce green diesel. Not only make good use of all the non- bio-degradable waste but also help in producing useful oil. 3The light hydrocarbons produced can be used fuel sources, filters and fertilizers.DisadvantagesOnly long molecular chains compound can be broken into shorter ones, so small molecules such as carbon dioxide or methane cannot be converted to oilIf taking biomass as the feedstock, most of the biomass is already being used as animal feed or fertilizers and so are not really available in plenty for TDPHigh processing costs, low yield, impurity of yield, high energy input requirements making the process not feasible and viable for large scale production.Table 1.2(2) Key Components of Thermal Depolymerisation Reaction1.2.3 Production of green diesel via Hydrotreating ProcessProduction of renewable energy is expanding at rapid pace worldwide. This phenomenon gives increasing petroleum prices, government regulation and commitment in reducing greenhouse gases. In future, renewable dependent could be increasing as a new technology in producing high quality of renewable energy was invented. These new renewable diesel should be compatible to substitute conventional diesel for transportation. One of the available production processes of green diesel is hydrotreating

Literature Review of Research Aims and Objectives

Literature Review of Research Aims and ObjectivesOrganizational wobble is a broad term which can be explained by bothcontent and process. For better understanding of this term both of its components should be considered. Both process and content can be independent or dependent, it depends upon the nature of alter and scenario of change .Most of the explorees focus on only one component. To understand organisational change a better understanding of governanceal shape up is necessary which is employed to take away some change. Following is a literature review of some articles, cases and research papers related to organizational changeDavid Chaudron. (2003). Assessing and upward(a) your organization, It states that to assess whether an organization really imply organizational change or not, an organization need to undergo four stages. These of four stages are, get started, assess paradox and identify ca give, choose treatment and periodically evaluate. For bringing successfu l change it is very important to identify problem and solutions to that problem. In my research this article would avail me because it would tell me how organizations come to know that they really need change and how this process of change is started and carried on. I would be better able to write on organizational change if I am aware of starting point of change.William P. Barnett. (1995). Modeling internal organization change, William dialog more or slight two theories of change. Adaptational and selectional mechanism of organizational change. Adaptional model states that Change occurs mainly through adaptive response of individual firms to prior change in technology, environment or whatever. He in addition duologue about internal and external factors responsible for change. Organizations with this casing of come are more innovative and discovery driven. To save them self from being obsolete and outworn such(prenominal) organizations have a close eye on environment and suc cessful environment scanning leads them to successful change. Second approach says organizations cannot change easily. Whenever they do change greater risks are entitled. This approach talks about resistance to change and hesitation of top watchfulness in bringing about change. Organizations following this approach are more conservative and do not anticipate change. Effort to bring change is only made when it is necessary to survive. For instance, technology change in market makes such organizations to change existing technology to remain competitive. Internal factors such as culture, organization politics force an organization to change succession internal factors handle competitors, suppliers and customers and legislation make an organization to change. These variables are very important for me because it would help me to base my research on these factors. These factors would guide me to understand fibre of change and factors elusive in change.Booz, Allen, Hamilton. (2004). O verall approach to change management, It creates relation among logical and emotional approach to change, change team and change ladder. integrate logical and emotional approach means that focus should not be only on process and structure of change, flock factor should excessively be considered. For instance, in changing technology, if technological and structural aspect is considered only and behaviors of people are overlooked then it is very difficult to bring about this technological change. For better and successful change process task/system and people/teams both should be kept in mind. To minimize resistant to change, people should be convinced and shown incentives in upcoming change so that they could propose change for personal benefit that would lead to organizational benefit in long run. It also says that the team which is communicating change should be credible. Once top management has decided to bring change, now its up to change team that how affectively they commu nicate the unequivocal change message to every stake holder of organization. Change ladder spot of article talks about communicating change around the organization from top management to lower staff. The higher the ladder of change, the more chances of successful change are created.Jonathan Becker, Roy Gill, Susan Moy, Veena Seshasdri. (1989). Managing change. T his case study addresses different problems and difficulties in implementing change. It also gives recommendation that how to overcome resistance to change. This is more helpful for a student of change management because with theoretical knowledge it is also giving hint about practical knowledge. It says about a medical center which had to face many challenges when they decided to change processes and facilities but with great courage and decision making like training and better communication network helped them to implement change successfully.Henry Mint Berg, Francs Wesley. (1992). cycles of organization change, authors talk about two types of organization changes change in state and change in direction. Change in state is concerned with culture, structure, system and people. While change in direction is concerned with vision, position, programs, facilities. It also talks about inductive and deductive changes. Change process starts with inductive change and then it reaches to deductive change. In inductive we need to change our vision, mission and goals speckle when it leads us to deductive changes it needs the change of organization like culture, system and people behavior and power hierarchy. This research paper also talks about different stages in life of an organization that lead an organization to stage of revolution. According to comprehensiveness model of change discussed in this research paper, Change starts as an incremental process like adding value to some process or product/service but it reaches to different stages of comprehensiveness like incremental to isolate, isolate to focused, focused to piecemeal, in the end it becomes revolutionarily .The sequence of stages is as follow stage of stability, stage of adaptation, stage of struggle and stage of revolution. This article has specific relevance with my research topic because it deals with all stages related to change in organizational life. To understand complete change process all stages need to be unders similarlyd.J.T.Hage. (1999). organizational macrocosm and organizational change, It differentiates innovation from change. According to writer, innovation is an isolated process. It neither has long lasting impact on organization nor does change organization as a whole. It is like innovating a process or product. For innovation, you have to focus on single innovation but set of innovations lead to change when innovation is not centered upon a single process but centered upon organization as a whole. Most of the research students confuse innovation with change and use both terms interchangeably. In my resea rch, this article is a good piece of information that helps to differentiate two most important concepts in change management topic.Craig Eric Schneier. (1994). The training and development source book, in which writer talks about organizational change and members behavior change. According to write the first step towards change is to develop appositive perception about change among all members of organization. One chapter of this book talks about organizational life cycle stages which are setup, selection and change. Organization starts with Entrepreneurial stage and reaches to decline then reengineering stage starts it includes continuous improvement and involving employees to ensure change. This book also talks about different agents involved in change and reengineering, as mature organizations need to involve both internal and external agents both because internal agents like employees endorse change firearm external agents like customers perceive change. This chapter of sourc e book is very important for me in this research because it talks about agents in change thats why this part of literature is very consistent with my topic.Curtis M. Grimm, Ken J. Smith. ( 1991). Research notes and communication management and organizational change this article talks about characteristics of management that what type of managerial expertise can lead to successful change and ensure acceptance of change by all the agents involved in change process. Attributes included in this research were education, experience in related field and age. Results showed that managers who succeeded to bring change are young and dynamic since they are young their industry experience is less but still they are very successful in bringing about change. In education those managers with MBA degree are more likely to bring change in organization. This type of research paper is very much applicable to my topic because it assist me to understand relation between change and managerial characteri stics and attitudes, it also help me to understand multi dimension field of change management.John Holt. (1989). Managing change in extension, explains some forces of change what make an organization to change. These forces include perspective, niche, competition, people and program. These forces can be elaborated as perspective of an organization can be the market leader in low cost products for that they may need to change organizations processes and work system. To create a niche for a new product they may need to change approach like from mass customization they may opt for full customization. For this very reason organization would need to change complete approach and perspective to cater a specific niche for their product. Because capitalizing on tomorrows niches will require system-wide cooperation, from university presidents to county agents. A shared sense of mission and a renewed sense of its importance are vital in improving teamwork, in particular as diverse as these t eam members are. The competition is fierce and increasing for all our niches. That is as it should be education, that long term national treasure, is far too important to be left in the hands of a monopoly. Monopoly there is not competition for extension education markets abounds. In commercial agriculture, there are consultants of all stripes universities such as Harvard and Stan- ford conduct agribusiness seminars input companies are entering management consulting by dangling the carrot of finance well- planned operations.Dr.Kathleen K. Reardon, Dr. Kevin J. Reardon, Dr. Alan J. Rowe. (1998). Leadership styles for the five stages of radical change. It talks about leading style and change. Top level leadership is most important agent in organization change. This article explains different type of organizational leadership and results in enforcing change. These types are commanding, logical, inspirational and supportive. Commanding leader is directing and focuses on results thus t his type of leaders brings changes rapidly. Logical leaders are innovative and they are very careful about change. They have a thoughtful process before toil any change. Inspirational leaders focus on opportunities so change is radical there is no guarantee for change. Supportive leaders are those who alleviate work and involve others thats why they are very slow in bringing about change. This article also talks about change phases and leadership style needed for each phase. Planning phase require logical while launching phase require commanding leadership. This article is very relevant to my topic because it talks about most important agent in change that is leader.Aims and objectives of ResearchThe research seeks to determinedescription of variablesexplanation of relationship between different variables and factorsbroadening the knowledge of fieldevaluation and diagnosis of problem statementsolution to problem

Same Sex Parenting and Adoption Essay -- adoption, homosexuality, fami

Adoption for same sex couples is a very controversial payoff in Family Law, and often same sex couples face many unique issues if they wish to adopt. Many states have different laws that apply for braw and lesbian adoption, as opposed to heterosexual couples. Several states also have special rules that apply when a child is born into a gay or lesbian partnership. human being and lesbian couples may sometimes opt to bring a child into their lives through conception and birth as well. For a lesbian couple, this is usually do through a male donor or a sperm bank and having one of the couple become pregnant. Similarly, gay men may call a surrogate mother and then become a legal p arent through adoption. The other parent then can become a legal second parent through stepparent or second parent adoption. However, many states including Virginia dont include second parent adoption. The definition of a legal parent is (n.) the lawful and natural father or mother of a person. The word do es not mean grandparent or ancestor, but can take on an adoptive parent as a replacement for a natural parent. Adoption laws vary from state to state, and there are some states that do allow lesbian and gay couples to adopt children as legal, joint parents. Gay and lesbian couples in these states can go through adoption agencies in order to adopt, personally arrange their adoption, or even adopt internationally. In many states, however, stepparent, second parent or even joint adoption is not an option for gay and lesbian couples. Although the Commonwealth of Virginia does not have a law in place that prohibits same sex couples from adopting a child, it is usually a very aggressive situation and it may be very difficult in many occasions for gays and lesbians to ... ...he way society will treat the child, the psychological effects on the child and the childs well being and safety above all are the main factors that the courts should look at when dealing with this issue. As previ ously stated the issue of same sex adoption is one of the most controversial topics in todays Family Law across the country and with well(p) reason. Given that this involves the upbringing of human beings who are the future of our society, it is extremely important to make sure that they are given the best care and best influences in their lives in order to make good moral and educated decisions in their future lives. Same sex parenting may not be as no-account as society has made it seem but it absolutely has to be socially and scientifically proven before any more steps are taken in this matter because, after all, it is in the best interest of the child.

Trauma and Adult Learning Essay -- Adult Education Learning Essays

Trauma and big(p) Learning Effects of Trauma on LearningAdults experiencing the effects of foregone or current trauma may display such symptoms as difficulty beginning new tasks, blame, guilt, concern for safety, depression, inability to trust (especially those in power), fear of risk taking, disturbed sleep, eroded self-esteem/confidence, inability to concentrate, or panic attacks (Mojab and McDonald 2001). Some people may manifest no symptoms at the other cobblers last of the spectrum is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, characterized by flashbacks, avoidance, numbing of responsiveness (including substance abuse), persistent expectation of danger, constriction (dissociation, zoning out), and memory impairment (Isserlis 2001). It may not be pronto apparent that a learner is experiencing the effects of trauma. Instead, such manifestations as missing class, avoiding tests, spacing out, and having what may be interpreted as inappropriate or positive reactions to class discussions or a ctivities may actually be responses to trauma. It is true that learning may be impeded by fear, anxiety, poor concentration, and the enormous energy entangled in hiding abuse or struggling with immediate survival needs. However, interpretations of trauma and its effects on learning are shaped by schooling discourses (Horsman 1997, 2000b Isserlis 2001). A deficit perspective suggests that the learner, not the social system, must change. A medicalizing discourse emphasizes that healing, getting over it, must take place before learning is possible. Discourses of educational practice may view dropping out, stopping out, or spacing out/dissociating as lack of motivation or persistence rather than survival mechanisms. Discourses focused on outcomes and account... ...all/fob/2002/morrish.htmlPearce, C. E. Informal Learning of Homeless Women A Feminist Study of Surviving the Everyday. In 40th Annual Adult Education Research Conference Proceedings, compiled by Amy Rose. De Kalb Northern Illinois University, 1999. (ED 431 901) http//www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1999/99pearce.htm Rosenwasser, P. Tool for Transformation Cooperative Inquiry as a Process for Healing from Internalized Oppression. In AERC 2000 An internationalistic Conference, edited by T. Sork, V.-L. Chapman, and R. St. Clair, pp. 392-396. Vancouver University of British Columbia, 2000. (ED 452 417) http//www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/rosenwasserp1-web.htm Williamson, B. Learning in Extremis. In Lifelong Learning inside and outside Schools. Collected Papers, vol. 2, edited by P. Alheit et al., pp. 676-697. Roskilde, Denmark Roskilde University, 2000.